How to get nanodiamond into cells?

Effect of medium and aggregation on antibacterial activity of nanodiamonds

Materials science & engineering c-Biomimetic and supramolecular systems (2020)

Fluorescent nanodiamonds, used in diverse applications, display varying biocompatibility with bacteria, unlike their known compatibility in mammalian cells. This article reviews and experiments with different bacterial strains, nanoparticle sizes, and chemistries, revealing that particle aggregation and bacterial clumping can erroneously suggest bactericidal effects. The study concludes that these aggregations and the bacteriostatic effects of nanodiamond attachment are key factors in the observed results, rather than any specific material property of the nanodiamonds.